Bricklaying Basics

When you build with bricks you're creating something that can be appreciated for generations. It's not uncommon to find structures in complete ruin except for the masonry such as a brick chimney or wall.

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The reasons for do-it-yourself bricklaying vary, but the primary reason seems to be cost. Others include learning a valuable skill for starting a new business, or simply learning a new hobby. Planning a bricklaying project begins with gathering ideas and envisioning the end result. Don't overlook this step. Masonry is permanent so be cautious and remember you need to do it right - the results of your efforts will be on public display for a long, long time.

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As you begin your planning it's important to consider size and scale, location, material selection, drainage and appearance. Make deatiled drawings of the planned project so to eliminate design flaws and aid in estimating building costs.

Visit your local home improvement center or hardware store and collect samples of the material you have in mind and evaluate the way they blend with your existing landscaping. Depending on whether you plan on pouring a small slab or building a brick archway, estimate the dimensions of your project as accurately as possible. This eliminates extra shopping trips. Since your using brick the local brickyard is where you'll find the best supply of bricklayers material. They also carry the tools you are going to need.

Speaking of the tools, and to work effectively you are going to have to buy or rent some special purpose tools. I suggest that if this is a one-time project then by all means rent the tools. What follows is a suggested list of tools for doing brickwork:

Mortar hawk - for holding mortar

Wide pointing tool - for placing mortar on brick

Jointer - for finishing joints

Brick tongs - for carrying multiple bricks

Narrow tuck pointer - for placing mortar on bricks

Mason's trowel - for applying mortar

Masonry chisels - for splitting brick

Mason's hammers - for chipping brick

Maul - for driving stakes

Joint chisel - for removing dry mortar

Shop broom - for keeping the work area clean

Bucket and scrub brush

Stiff bristle brush - for removing loose material

Rubber mallet

Pipe clamp - for scoring large quantities of brick

Circular saw (with a masinry blade) - for cutting brick

Hammer drill with masonry bit

Wheelbarrow - for mixing mortar

Shovel

Cement - for mixing mortar

Particle mask, gloves and protective eyewear

A helpful hint is to build your project, if possible without using mortar. This allows you to see the finished project, make corrections along the way and decide if the end result is really what you wanted.

The last thing I'll cover is choosing, mixing and throwing the right mortar. Masonry mortar is a mixture of Portland cement, sand and water. Other ingredients include lime and gypsum to improve workability and control setup time. Believe it or not the strongest mortar mixture isn't always the best for the job. Gone thankfully are the days when do-it-yourselfers had to mix mortar fom scratch, often with disasterous results. These days mortar comes premixed in 50 - 100 lb bags. Today you simply select the correct mix for the job at hand.

Type N mortar is often called for because it offers a good blend of strength and durability. It's commonly used in non-load-bearing projects such as freestanding walls, BBQ grills and chimneys.

Type S mortar is a high strength mixture for exterior use in foundations, brick and block reatining walls, driveways, walks and patios,

Type M mortar is a very high strength mortar for load-bearing exterior stone walls.

There are other types mixes for special purpose but fo the sake of simplicity I left them out o this article.

Mixing mortar is simple these days. I dump one to two bags of mix into a large wheelbarrow, push it to one side and slowly add water until I get the right texture I want. If it's too thick , it will fall off the trowel in a heap and not in the smooth line you want. Add to much water and it's messy and weak. Just follow the manufacturers directions and you should be fine. If you've never mixed mortar before experiment in small batches until you find the mixture that works. Keep note of your mixture ratios to use later.

Don't mix mortar in large batches unless you are willing to use it all in one application. More than one do-it-yourslf bricklayer has ended up with a wheelbarrow filled with 200 lbs of dried mortar for this reason. It's best to mix mortar as needed. You can't foresee delays such as bad weather, running out of daylight or worse yet injuring yourself.

Watching a professional bricklayer at work is an impressive sight. I remember as a small child living with my grandparents and watching their new home being built. The mortar practically flew off the workers trowels and the walls seemed to rise out of the ground in minutes. "Mortar throwing" is an acquired skill that takes years to master, but you can use the basic techniques successfully with just a little practice.

Throwing mortar is a quick, smooth technique. Load the trowel with mortar (how much depends on you comfort level), then position the trowel a few inches above the starting point. In one motion, begin turning your wrist over and quickly move the trowel across the surface to spread mortar consistently. Ideally you want ot end up with a line of mortar about 2 1/2 " wide and about 2 ' long.

These are the very basics. There are numerous books and how-to videos on countless masonry projects. Just remember to plan accordingly, take your time and above all ... be safe.

Bricklaying Basics

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Christmas Sales Bare-Tool Hitachi C18DLP4 18-Volt Lithium Ion 6-1/2-Inch Circular Saw (Tool Only, no Battery) 201

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Top Ten Roofing Tools

If you're looking for roofing tools, you've come to the right place. It's been said: "If your only tool is a hammer, every problem looks like a nail". So it's always best to have the right tool for the job. It will help you do quality work and do it fast. Many projects require special roofing tools, but these are the ones that go with me to every job.

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#10 -- Pry Bar
The pry bar, or "flat bar" as it is sometimes called is the "Swiss Army Knife" of roofing tools. I've used mine for everything from pulling nails to pounding them in, to cutting wood, cutting metal and popping shingles loose for repairs. Be sure to get a second one for back-up... and for two-handed staple pulling. A good choice is the Stanley Wonder Bar.

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#9 -- Utility Knife
A sharp knife is handy for both removing the old material and installing the new stuff. Go with a model that allows you to change blades fast -- without tools. I've found that knives with retractable blades tend to get gummed up with roofing tar. As such, I prefer a knife with a fixed blade. My preference is a Stanley Model 10-399.

And you really should have two knives in your tool belt. Keep each knife filled with half straight blades and half hook blades. The straight blades cut well on the back of the shingles. The hook blades cut well on the front. This saves a lot of time switching back and forth between blades. The second knife also gives you a backup with both types of blades in it should you misplace one of them.

#8 -- Hand Broom
You might not think a hand broom belongs on a top ten list of roofing tools, but a good clean up is an important part of every job. While scoop shovels and push brooms are fine for the big stuff, I've found that a hand broom is just right for the little stuff. And a Marshalltown #6519 is a good heavy-duty model to get.

#7 -- Hand Saw
Fixing rotted wood is a pretty common task for us roofers. I USUALLY have a circular saw and a reciprocating saw on site for the task, but a hand saw is one of the roofing tools that I ALWAYS have with me. Small cutting jobs can be handled in less time than it takes to run an extension chord. And it has saved the day many times over the years, when electrical power should have been available, but wasn't. I like the Stanley 20-045 Model which has a tough, long-lasting blade and is small enough to fit in my tool bucket.

#6 -- Measuring Tape
You'll also need a measuring tape to help with those wood repairs and to layout the new roof. I like a 25-footer with a stiff 1" blade. Almost any brand will do, but the Craftsman brand has a lifetime warranty.

#5 -- Metal Snips
Most "tinners" use dedicated snips for right and left cuts. But I've found that Wiss M3R Straight Cut Tin Snips (Yellow Handle) works fine for most all of my metal work.

When they eventually lose their edge, I replace them and use the old ones to cut shingles around pipes and vents. That's often quicker and easier than using a knife.

#4 -- Hand Seamer
This is one of those roofing tools that you don't use every day, but it sure comes in handy when doing flashing work. It's just the right size for making tight drip edge laps. It's also handy for making inside and outside corners as well as other miscellaneous bends. The one to get is a 3" Malco Model S-2

#3 -- Chalk Box
Of all the roofing tools I've had over the years, chalk boxes have caused me the most grief. They never seemed to hold enough chalk or chalk a consistent line. And the string always seemed to break just when I was in a big rush. The plastic reduction drives broke and the strings tangled within the box. It drove me nuts. That kept me constantly on the search for a better chalk box.

I found the "Mother of all Chalk Boxes" a few years ago with the purchase of a "Little Giant" by Keson. It uses a heavy line which I have yet to break. The line sucks up a lot of chalk, so you get a good solid mark. And you can fill the chalk box in seconds with a whole bottle of chalk at a time. You can retrieve the line fast and mine hasn't tangled yet. Be sure to get two. One for permanent red dye you can use on the underlayment and one for temporary blue chalk you can use on the shingles.

#2 -- Trowel
Just about any small trowel will do for spreading flashing cement, but the flat nose type, like a Marshalltown #11202 Margin Trowel, is good for cleaning out the bottom of buckets. If you're doing a lot of mud work, you will want to get a big brick trowel like a Marshalltown #10109. It can lay down a 10" mortar pad for tile in one swoop. It's helpful to grind the point down to make it easier working out of a five gallon pail.

#1 -- Hammer
No list of roofing tools would be complete without a hammer. In fact, some say: If it can't be fixed with a hammer, it can't be fixed! I wouldn't go quite that far, but it is essential for nearly every roofing job. My favorite is an Estwing Model E3-20 S. That's their 20 oz. Rip Hammer. It has enough weight to seat nails with one smack and it has a straight claw for digging out nails. It's virtually indestructible and carries a lifetime guarantee.

Top Ten Roofing Tools

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DEWALT Bare-Tool DC390B 6-1/2-Inch 18-Volt Cordless Circular Saw

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The Qualities of a Mediator

A mediator needs to develop several abilities: 1) attentiveness 2) ethics 3) emotional intelligence 4) subject matter expertise 5) decisiveness.

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ATTENTIVENESS

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The most important ability for a mediator is to pay attention. One eminent historian has written that our entire society suffers from attention deficit. [Niall Ferguson: Colossus, 2004] The plain and awful truth is that people do not pay attention. They live their lives in information overload, thinking about what to do or say next.

The word "attend" comes from the Latin attendere to bend to, notice. Attend has a number of meanings including 1) to be present at, 2) to accompany, 3) to take care of: minister to, devote one's services to, 4) to wait upon, 5) to take charge of, 6) to listen to, 7) to apply oneself, 8) to pay attention: listen or watch attentively, 9) to be present.

If a mediator did literally nothing else but pay attention, the results would be remarkable.

Attention is an interesting quality. It can be fixed or floating. It can be focused or scattered. It can concentrate on one thing, or several things or many things. It can take in many things at once. A person who practices paying attention will find it is ability easily developed, and will greatly increase one's awareness of what is going on.

Paying attention, properly understood, is not terribly hard work but on the contrary, has a light and airy quality. For example, a person absorbed in a book or a movie or a piece of music or a football game is paying close attention, but without a great deal of effort. It is easy to pay attention when one is interested in the subject matter.

The opposite of attention is distraction.

Chaos is complex; order is simple. Parties in conflict are entangled in complexity. The job of the mediator is disentanglement and simplicity.

"Don't just do something; stand there." Albert Camus

ETHICS

Ethical means: 1) pertaining to or dealing with morals or the principals of morality; pertaining to right and wrong in conduct. 2) In accordance with the rules or standards for right conduct or practice, especially if the standards of a profession: "it is not considered ethical for physicians to advertise." Synonym: moral, upright, honest, righteous, virtuous, honorable. [Webster's Dictionary]

The subject of ethics concerns itself with action, with right or wrong conduct. Perhaps many people may not think much about ethical implications, as such, as they go about their daily business, but in fact, every day contains choices and decisions that implicate oneself and other people. Maybe some are more conscious than others about consequences: nonetheless, all choices and decisions have consequences, and this is the subject of ethics.

The daily human preoccupation with ethics was never better expressed than by John Bunyan in the opening paragraph of his great work written in Bedford jail.

"And behold, I saw a man clothed with rags standing in a certain place, with his face from his own house, a book in his hand, and a great burden upon his back. I watched, and beheld him open the book and read therein, and as he read he wept and trembled, and not being longer able to contain, he brake out with a lamentable cry, saying: 'What shall I do?'"

"Pilgrim's Progress"

The question is not "who am I?" or "where have I come from?" or "why do I have to die?" or "what is my destiny?" but "what shall I do?" That question contains two qualities: (1) it refers to action, (2) it pertains to the future.

Because ethics concerns itself with right action, it pertains to the mediator who has a duty to be impartial as between the parties. Mediators are also called "neutrals", but, although that word has stuck, it does not successfully describe the function of a mediator.

Neutral means: "(of a person or government) not taking part or giving assistance is a dispute or war between others." It is a condition in which the third party stays out of the conflict, giving no help to either side. If a mediator were truly neutral, there would be little point in seeking her assistance; the parties could use a stuffed doll instead.

"The hottest place in Hell is reserved for those who remain neutral in times of great moral conflict." Martin Luther King, Jr.

"Impartial" is a different word with a different meaning. It means: "not partial or biased; fair; just: 'an impartial judge.'" Yet a judge has the responsibility of judgment, of deciding in favor of one side; the judge may be impartial at the beginning of a case, but is entirely partial by the end. That is the function of a judge, but not a mediator. As used in connection with mediation, "impartiality" suggests full yet even-handed involvement, giving as much assistance as ethically possible to all sides in the conflict. Of course, the question always is: How much is ethically possible? That is why the distinction between evaluative and facilitative mediation is not merely a matter of style. A facilitative mediator has made the choice not to evaluate for the parties, while an evaluative mediator is willing to state an opinion. Such decisions necessarily involve considerations of right or wrong conduct in the context of mediation, that is to say, ethics.
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There is always a power imbalance between parties to a dispute. Does the mediator seek to address, and adjust, the power imbalance, by lending a bit more weight to the weaker side? Is such "tipping the scales" in favor of greater balance between the parties to be considered an exercise in partiality or impartiality? Sometimes one party appears with an attorney, the other without one; the person with the attorney is nearly always at an advantage. Should the mediator attempt to redress the power imbalance by helping the unrepresented party understand the legal ramifications of the situation, and the possible perils buried within it? Or is the correct action simply to recognize the power imbalance, and do nothing to prejudice the stronger position of one of the parties?

What if both parties are represented, one by an attorney who knows the file, the other by an attorney who is clearly unprepared? Should an experienced lend a hand to an inexperienced lawyer, or unrepresented party?

What if one attorney has overlooked something that will tilt the balance of the negotiation in favor of her client? What is the mediator's responsibility?

Is impartiality even possible, particularly after meeting the disputants and hearing their respective stories? Does the mediator not naturally incline to one side? The Standards of Mediation Practice simply advise: "A mediator shall avoid conduct that gives the appearance of partiality to towards one of the parties." How does one reconcile that standard with the duty of honesty and transparency? This is not the problem of bias or prejudice, which is conceptually simple because it is clearly not acceptable, but a question of ethical conduct, because after the two sides of a conflict are laid out, often it is plain that one side has the better of it; then should the mediator close her eyes to the obvious, or join the parties in denial, or simply dissemble, presenting the mask of an impartiality she does not feel? And if not, then what is she to do? This is the concern of ethics.

"Every word is a bias or an inclination" Nietsche

During the course of the mediation, a mediator may come to have a clear view of the respective merits of the parties' positions; should she express her own views to the parties? Sometimes, parties do want such an evaluation from the mediator, which is why they may choose a retired judge, who is has spent years in the courtroom making such judgments, but what if the parties do not ask for an evaluation? What if one party is stubborn in insisting on a position that is wrong, unjust, and cannot possibly win? Should the mediator take that person to one side, privately, and explain to him the realities of the situation?

Mediation practice standards stress three essentials (1) impartiality (2) confidentiality (3) voluntary participation. What if one party desires to speak privately with the mediator, and then confesses to a crime? What if the confession involves an offence with a child? What is the mediator's obligation (a) if she in an attorney (b) if she is a mental health provider (c) neither?

EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE

"Le Coeur a ses raisons que le raison ne comprend pas." Blaise Pascal

The heart has its reasons that reason does not comprehend, Pascal's famous aphorism, is the subject of the study of emotional intelligence.

The phrase "emotional intelligence" refers to an ability that is not much prized, and certainly not taught, in our society and educational systems, though it certainly should be. There are some excellent books on the subject. The phrase itself is something of a deliberate oxymoron, because the emotions are normally distinguished from the activity of the intelligence, but it expresses the need to relate empathetically to what is being communicated by another person, including the emotional drives underlying such communication.

The topic of "body language," concerns itself with developing emotional intelligence, which is not an abstract or esoteric ability, but can easily be learned by taking the trouble closely to observe the behavior of other people. It helps the mediator to learn to relate empathetically to the parties, if they are to feel that they have truly been heard in expressing their grievances and needs, which is an essential step in the mediation process, because it leads to a willingness to negotiate a resolution.

In considering broad categories, any person is either more or less open, or more or less concealed. Some people are deliberately concealing themselves, trying to deceive, while others just do not know how to be more open. The latter are not concealing so much as protecting themselves. Some people pretend to be open, while in fact concealing a great deal. Everyone is on a continuum between being completely closed and completely open, and people may vary a great deal in the course of an hour as to how much they are willing to reveal, and how much they wish to conceal.

The mediator is not a therapist, and is not trying, generally speaking, to achieve a breakthrough in openness, except for those mediators who regard themselves as transformational, and their mediations are generally designed to take a good deal longer than a regular mediation. Where parties have come together to talk about their differences, and negotiate a solution, the mediator is only interested in achieving enough honest communication between them that they can achieve the result that they came for.

With emotion, it needs only to be remembered that emotion is a movement, and there are only four possible movements (1) movement forward; (2) movement backward; (3) movement splattered in all directions; (4) no movement at all. The emotional state in which the mediator would like the parties, is the emotion of "interest," in which the parties are moving forward, interested in the situation they are in, and willing to work on resolving it.

SUBJECT MATTER EXPERTISE

Subject matter expertise is something that can be learned by a mediator, by which is meant expertise in the subject matter of the particular dispute, for example, construction, family relationships, childcare, commercial relationships, contracts, labor relations, environmental, governmental, tort, contract, and so on. Some parties, in choosing a mediator, deliberately seek some subject matter experience, and therefore, as a matter of marketing, it may be helpful for a mediator to acquire and therefore be able to advertise certain subject matter expertise.

However, it will be found that, once the mediator has mastered or become proficient in the craft of mediation, that the skills can be applied across a wide variety of subject matters. Some people always insist on choosing a retired judge, because judges have experience in the conduct of trials, even though a judge may know less than the attorneys - this is because attorneys nearly always specialize, whereas judges, once they are on the bench, take a random variety of cases that come before them.

The particular expertise of an experienced judge is in predicting the likely of a case. But if a mediator wishes to mediate in the area of, say international relations or environmental controversies, then in order to acquire business, it will probably be necessary to acquire some expertise in the subject matter, in order to be able to present credentials that will serve to enforce credibility.

DECISIVENESS

Decisiveness is essential in a mediator, because she cannot allow a mediation to wallow for any great length of time, without the parties becoming impatient, except in those relatively uncommon instances where the mediation is designed to be "transformational" and partakes of many of the qualities of therapy. The mediator has to decide, generally, who to speak to, when to speak to them, what to say to them, how much to allow them to say, because she has an obligation to create a momentum and keep it going. There is a purpose in view, and there is generally a time limit, and unless the parties feel they are making some progress, they are likely to be discouraged and the mediation may fail to achieve its purpose, which is to affect resolution.

In summary, these five qualities are skills that can be learned and developed. They are basic yet profound. Attentiveness is the foundation of communication skills, but must be combined with decisiveness because it is up to the mediator to make things happen. Action must happen but it must be right action, which is the subject of ethics. The mediator must develop sensitivities that are not accessible to pure reason, and this is the subject of emotional intelligence. The mediator must be able to talk the same language as the disputants, which means some subject matter expertise.

The scarcity of these qualities is why the mediation is happening at all. The mediator supplies what is missing to enable the disputants to settle their dispute and move on with their lives.

It has been said that people get attached to their problems and conflicts, but the reality of conflict was never better expressed than by General William Tecumseh Sherman: "War is hell," and it is a service to people to help them find resolution.

The Qualities of a Mediator

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Did Eve Have Sex With the Devil Or Did She Just Eat Some Fruit? - Part 1

Is my title question preposterous? If it is, how is it more preposterous than to think that the literal eating of a particular fruit from a particular tree, albeit forbidden by The Lord, can be considered that evil that Adam and Eve should lose their opportunity of a physical life in paradise and access to the Tree of Life? If a child in our care were to disobey our instruction for the first time would we lash out with a severe punishment at the first offence of disobedience? Obviously not, so why did The Lord punish our original parents so severely for eating the wrong kind of 'apple'? OK, I know it doesn't say apple but it might just as well say it, so does this apparent trivial error and the punishment that follows it make any sense, or, in other words, does the punishment fit the crime? Well, if we take it a step further and accept the Biblical narrative as symbolic for something else, then, yes it does make sense. Indeed, we can then assume, without much doubt, that Adam and Eve's sin was so serious, so heinous, that the Lord had no option but to banish our original parents from the Garden. This then leaves us with the question of what kind of offence(s) or sin(s) could it have been that would warrant such a severe punishment?

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Up until recently I was of the mind, like so many others, that Adam and Eve's sin was just a simple act of disobedience, but writings I have discovered just lately have thrown a giant spanner into the works of my original understanding of their original sin. My understanding, too, not helped much by what is written in the King James Bible. However, always remember, that as believers, our understanding is never ours it's the understanding we are given and The Lord does not give us all understanding, all at once, or at the beginning of our walk with Him. It takes years of study and much waiting on Him. Having clarified that little aside, let's write the crucial verses here so that we can see for ourselves what the Holy Scriptures actually say:

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Genesis 3:15 And I will put enmity between thee and the woman, and between thy seed and her seed; it shall bruise thy head, and thou shalt bruise his heel.

This verse is the most important and influences the whole of this study, for it mentions two seeds. Now what are these "seeds", because before we can move on we must be clear in our minds as to what they represent and, after a little research, we find it's all very straight forward. Most readers will know what the word 'seed' means in this context but to make sure, let's use another example or two so that there is no ambiguity or confusion:

Genesis 9:8-9 And God spake unto Noah, and to his sons with him, saying, 9 And I, behold, I establish my covenant with you, and with your seed after you.

Gen 15:3 And Abram said, Behold, to me thou hast given no seed: and, lo, one born in my house is mine heir.

So as we can plainly see, the word 'seed' refers to offspring and if we refer to Strong's Concordance for further evidence we will find that the Hebrew word for 'seed' in Genesis 3:15 is the same as in Genesis 9:9 and 15:3. OK, so if we go back to Genesis 3:15 we can see that the Lord is going to put enmity between these two very different seeds or lines, but who is the Lord speaking to? Let's go there now:

Genesis 3:14 And the LORD God said unto the serpent, Because thou hast done this, thou art cursed above all cattle, and above every beast of the field; upon thy belly shalt thou go, and dust shalt thou eat all the days of thy life:

There we have it; the Lord is speaking to the Devil, Satan, that serpent and arch-deceiver also known as the destroyer, the adversary and in this instance the arch-seducer, for, without doubt, one of the two seeds mentioned here is his seed. Notice too the phrase "because thou hast done this". From that we can easily deduce and know that Satan actually did something and the term 'doing something', more often than not, refers to a physical action, not just an 'action' of sitting idly by on the sidelines enticing, goading or provoking as an exuberant spectator.

So what does all this mean for we are very definitely dealing with a physical seed that belongs to the Devil? In turn, this now beggars the question, how can a spirit being or a fallen angel have physical sexual relations with a human being? Well, the only verse in the Holy Scriptures we can rely on or turn to for any evidence to this event is in Genesis once more:

Genesis 6:1-2 And it came to pass, when men began to multiply on the face of the earth, and daughters were born unto them, 2 That the sons of God saw the daughters of men that they were fair; and they took them wives of all which they chose.

Who were these "sons of God" here that took the descendants or daughters of Adam for wives? Well they can only be one thing, they were fallen angels or angels that went astray and left their first estate as described in Jude 6

Jude 1:6 And the angels which kept not their first estate, but left their own habitation, he hath reserved in everlasting chains under darkness unto the judgment of the great day.

The important words of this verse are 'kept not', 'first estate' and 'habitation'. The words 'kept not' mean they failed to keep a guard or failed to hold as precious their Spiritual inheritance or estate, i.e. to maintain any value upon their Spiritual substance and the honour bestowed upon them as Spirit beings. Instead they took it upon themselves to choose the lower order of the physical or the base level of physical men. This means they despised their first estate and placed more value upon human fleshly desires and, don't forget, these daughters were human beings in the fallen condition. These angels treated with contempt their manifestly higher order that the Lord had blessed them with, their 'first estate' - their position. Not only that, they gave up their home as well or their superior habitation; very reckless and foolish indeed. So much so, it ultimately cost them their freedom because the Lord incarcerated them in darkness, where they are to this day and where they will remain until the Last Great Day at the end of the Millennium or the end of the Lord's one thousand year reign on this earth as King of kings.

Now this brings us to the original issue, this wickedness was not a one off, this had all happened before, and it was a follow on from the earlier wickedness of their leader, Satan the Devil, otherwise known as Sammael in the other writings I mentioned. He set the example and these fallen angels followed in his footsteps, and their actions were a repeat of his wickedness. So what was this wickedness? Quite simply, it was the seduction of Eve. We can then add in the cuckolding of Adam or possibly even the sodomising of Adam - we do not know all the details. What we do know, though, is that the Devil contaminated their Godly union which up until that point had not been consummated. Adam and Eve discovered the sexual act through perversion and through lust and nothing but lust. This event was a compounding event, because after the Devil had had his evil way with Eve he then, through Eve, encouraged Adam to take her afterwards thereby reducing her to the status of a sexual object, an adulteress or possibly worse, a promiscuous slut. This, in effect, was the first pornographic act - the first threesome; the use of the woman's body for nothing but selfish sexual gratification. There was no love in this event, and it was the first sexual act on earth between a man and a woman. This, too, is how they knew they were naked and covered themselves with leaves and why, too, they hid from the Lord in the garden. They covered their sexual parts, they were laden with shame and guilt - they felt dirty and contaminated. Furthermore, it was this act that gave them the knowledge of good and evil, not through the literal eating of an 'apple', the fruit is pure symbolism. Not only that, if we think the literal eating of fruit from the wrong tree can make us feel dirty, unclean and shameful what kind of fruit could that be. OK, we could and would feel guilty for having disobeyed God but not dirty and ashamed. No, there is only one act that could have had that kind of effect on a previously innocent human being and that act is the promiscuous, lustful, loveless sexual act.

OK, so we now have the evidence that this wicked event took place, but where does this lead us? Quite simply, back to the two seeds, the two seeds that produced two offspring - Cain and Abel. One child was of the Devil's seed and the other was of Adam's seed. How do we know this? Not easy, because the King James Bible is not that helpful, so we have to look elsewhere, but where? Well, before I do that let's copy the KJV verse here, first, to analyse what it says:

Gen 4:1-2 And Adam knew Eve his wife; and she conceived, and bare Cain, and said, I have gotten a man from the LORD. 2 And she again bare his brother Abel. And Abel was a keeper of sheep, but Cain was a tiller of the ground.

Now, based upon the evidence that I have revealed from the Holy Scriptures, Genesis 4:1 seems to read like a complete contradiction of the previous verses. We know there are to be two seeds, but this verse looks as if it's saying that Cain is Adam's son and Abel is Adam's son and not only that, but that Cain was a gift to Eve from God himself no less. Now where have the two seeds gone, because if Cain and Abel are both Adam's sons then they can only be of the one seed for they are both of Adam's seed, so what's going on in this verse? Well we know don't we, the true evidence has been written out of the narrative by the translators. Now there's a surprise, and why would they do that!? They would do it, because it would mean having to admit what I have stated above, that Eve had sex with Devil and produced Cain from that illegitimate union. The thing is, we have got a whole load of stuff going on in Genesis 4:1 and it will require another article to cover it, so stay with it folks.

Did Eve Have Sex With the Devil Or Did She Just Eat Some Fruit? - Part 1

6 1 2 Circular Saw

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Famous Filibusters in Political History

The filibuster as a political delaying tactic has been a part of the American political process since the adoption of the U.S. Constitution. Though it was not used in the early years of the nation, the filibuster has been used hundreds of times since the 1840's. Here are a few of the famous filibusters from our political history.

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The U.S. Constitution does not limit the length or nature of debate on the floors of the Senate or the House of Representatives. The House has since adopted rules which limit the length of debate since the House has a very large number of Representatives. But the smaller Senate has always upheld the right of a recognized Senator to debate an issue for as long as he or she wishes to hold the floor. Senate Rule 19 and Rule 22, the cloture rule adopted in 1917, create some guidelines for conducting a debate and for closing the debate when it becomes lengthy.

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Senator Henry Clay

In 1841 Senator Henry Clay proposed a bank bill that was opposed by Senator John C. Calhoun who began a lengthy, seemingly unending, rebuttal. Calhoun basically created the modern filibuster. Clay threatened to change the Senate rules in order to close debate on the issue. Clay's colleague, Thomas Hart Benton, rebuked Clay and accused him of trying to stifle the Senate's right to unlimited debate.

Through the next few turbulent decades and into the 1960's the filibuster was used often by Southern Democrats to block civil rights legislation. The filibuster had been seen by the minority party as a tool to combat the potential "tyranny of the majority," but the frequent usage of the filibuster by the Southern Democrats became characterized as the "tyranny of the minority."

Senate Rule 22

President Woodrow Wilson suggested that some limits be placed on the unlimited debate concept. In 1917 the Senate adopted Senate Rule 22, now known as the "cloture" rule. The new Rule 22 provided the mechanism to close out debate on a legislative bill and bring the bill up for a vote if cloture was approved by 67% of the Senate. The 67% requirement remained in effect until 1975 when Rule 22 was amended to allow a 60% agreement to invoke cloture.

Cloture Rule 22 was tested in 1919 when the Senate was asked to ratify the Treaty of Versailles, which ended World War I. The treaty was debated and filibustered, but a 67% majority voted to end the filibuster and to bring the treaty to a vote.

Senator Huey Long

Senator Huey Long, the fiery and colorful senator from Louisiana, made the filibuster famous between 1932 and 1935 when he utilized it several times to stall legislation that he considered unfair to the poor. Long frustrated his opponents and entertained the Senate gallery by reading Shakespeare, reciting shrimp and oyster recipes and talking about "pot-likkers." An amendment to Senate Rule 19 later required that debate on legislation be germane to the issue being debated.

On June 12, 1935, Senator Long engaged in his most famous filibuster. A bill was before the Senate to eliminate the provision for the Senate to confirm senior National Recovery Act employees. Senator Long opposed the bill because he didn't want his political adversaries in Louisiana to obtain lucrative N.R.A. jobs. Senator Long spoke for 15 hours and 30 minutes running well into the evening and early morning hours with senators dozing at their desks. Long read and analyzed each section of the Constitution, a document which he claimed had become "ancient and forgotten lore" under President Roosevelt's New Deal.

After the reading of the Constitution Senator Long offered to give advice to the remaining senators on any subject of their choosing. No senator took Long up on his offer but the gallery patrons began sending notes to the floor for Senator Long to extemporize on. That kept Long going into the early hours of the morning. At 4 a.m. Long yielded the floor in order to use the restroom and his proposal was defeated.

James Stewart brought more fame to the filibuster when he played the role of Senator Jefferson Smith in the 1939 film, "Mr. Smith Goes to Washington." Stewart's character launched into a filibuster in response to an attempt to ridicule him.

Senator Wayne Morse

Senator Wayne Morse from Oregon was called "The Tiger of the Senate" and served in the Senate under 5 Presidents. In 1952 Senator Morse left the Republican Party, claiming independent status, when he objected to sections of the party platform and Dwight Eisenhower's choice of Richard Nixon as his vice presidential running mate. Senator Morse claimed that the Republican Party had left him.

On April 24, 1953, Senator Morse began to filibuster against Tidelands Oil legislation. He kept the floor for 22 hours and 26 minutes, breaking the filibuster record of 18 hours held by his mentor, Wisconsin Senator Robert La Follette.

Senator Morse is remembered through numerous colorful stories. For example, Clare Booth Luce, former U.S. Senator and Ambassador to Italy had to resign her appointment when she made the insulting but funny remark that her problems with Senator Morse began when he was kicked in the head by a horse.

Senator Strom Thurmond

About 9 p.m. on August 28, 1957, Senator Strom Thurmond rose before the Senate and announced, "Mr. President, I rise to speak against the so-called voting rights bill, H.R. 6127." His own staff had not been informed about Senator Thurmond's intentions to filibuster the bill, but they knew something was up when they saw Thurmond gathering considerable reading material.

Senator Thurmond had prepared himself for a long filibuster on the Senate floor. Earlier in the day he had spent time in the Senate steam room, dehydrating himself so that he would absorb all the water he drank without having to visit the restroom. His wife packed a steak sandwich lunch for him and she stayed in the family gallery throughout the night. Thurmond brought a quantity of malted milk tablets and throat lozenges from his office.

Senator Thurmond began his filibuster by reading each state's election statutes. He later read and discussed an opinion by Chief Justice Taft. He also read and discussed the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, and Washington's Farewell Address. His staff, concerned for Senator Thurmond's health, was finally successful in getting him to leave the floor.

After 24 hours and 18 minutes, a record that still stands, Senator Thurmond concluded his remarks with, "I expect to vote against the bill." The bill was defeated.

The Civil Rights Act of 1964

On June 10, 1964, Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia finished his address begun on the previous day, slightly more than 14 hours earlier. He filibustered against the Civil Rights Act of 1964, an act which was debated by Byrd and others for 57 working days, including 6 Saturdays.

Senate President Hubert Humphrey from Minnesota needed 67 votes to be able to carry the motion for cloture. Minority Leader Senator Everett Dirksen, the always eloquent senator from Illinois procured the Republican votes necessary to pass the cloture motion. "Stronger than all the armies is an idea whose time has come," he said. "The time has come for equality of opportunity in sharing in government, in education, and in employment. It will not be stayed or denied. It is here!"

The final roll call vote on cloture resulted in 71 votes in favor and 29 votes opposed. It was the first time in history that cloture had been invoked on civil rights legislation. The 1964 Civil Rights Act was the most sweeping of its kind in our history.

Justice Abe Fortas

In June of 1968 Chief Justice Earl Warren notified President Lyndon Johnson that he would be retiring from the Supreme Court. This move gave President Johnson time to nominate a successor since he was not planning to seek re-election as President. Johnson nominated Associate Justice Abe Fortas to replace Warren. At the same time Johnson nominated Texas Appeals Court Justice Homer Thornberry to replace Fortas, a move that was designed to satisfy southern senators.

President Johnson counted on Senators Everett Dirksen and Richard Russell for their support of the nomination. When Abe Fortas testified at his own confirmation hearing, an unprecedented occurrence, it was revealed that Fortas worked uncomfortably closely with the White House staff and the President. Later it was learned that Fortas was being paid a large sum, privately, to teach an American University summer course. At this point Dirksen, Russell, and other senators withdrew their support.

Though the committee recommended confirmation of Justice Abe Fortas, a filibuster ensued on the Senate floor to block his confirmation, the first filibuster in Senate history on a Supreme Court nomination. On October 1, 1968, the Senate was unable to tally the 67 votes needed to invoke cloture and President Johnson withdrew the nomination.

The use of the filibuster has increased from 16 filibusters in the 19th century to 66 in the first half of the 20th century to 195 in the period from 1970 to 1995. It is likely that the filibuster will continue to play an important role in the American political process.

Famous Filibusters in Political History

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Stainless Pipe Cutting

Stainless Steel

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Stainless steel is a mixture of multiple metal alloys for the purpose of rust resistance. The main ingredient is a mixture of at least 12% chromium. When combined with Oxygen it forms a passive film layer resistant to rust and stains.

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Stainless pipe is composed of a nonferrous metal. This makes the tube difficult to cut and drill with conventional tools. Different pipe grades and thicknesses increase these difficulties.

Cutting Stainless Pipes

When stainless pipe cutters contact a stainless tube it hardens thus making it difficult to cut. If the stainless tube over heats while cutting the tube may discolor or possibly distort the pipe.

Steps To Cut Stainless Steel Pipe Straight and Burr-Free

Conventional, burr-free, straight cuts are accomplished as described below:
1. Cut the stainless steel pipe
2. Using a bench grinder stone wheel de-burr the pipe
3. With wire wheel on bench grinder clean the edges of the tube
4. Sand the tube with a sander until its flat
5. Clean with a wire wheel
6. TIG weld it to the other pipe

Repetition of some of the above steps may be required to make sure the cut is flat and burr free. Very time consuming.

Cutting Stainless Pipes - Two Recommended Methods

Orbital Pipe Saw

Orbital pipe saw is a recommended method to cut and bevel stainless steel pipes. The saw blades are small, rotate at high speed, inexpensive, and available in different versions for different materials and wall thicknesses.

Cutting is executed by manually rotating the machine housing 360 degree around the pipe. Next, with a circular toothed blade, the pipe is cut with a single rotation. The cutting action takes mere seconds and end result is a straight and clean cut.

Saw Guide combined with Portable Band Saw

The portable Band Saw cutter must have sufficient power and be sturdy. The Saw Guide eliminates most vibration. Steady feeds are most important to prevent tool riding on the stainless pipe.

Stainless Pipe Cutting

6 1 2 Circular Saw

Christmas Sales Bare-Tool Bosch CCS180B 18-Volt 6-1/2-Inch Litheon Circular Saw (Tool Only, No Battery) 201

Dec 16, 2011 03:56:41

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Christmas Sales Bare-Tool Bosch CCS180B 18-Volt 6-1/2-Inch Litheon Circular Saw (Tool Only, No Battery) Feature

6 1/2" Saw Blade can completely cut through 2x material even at full depth of cut
Exclusive anti-snag lower guard for easing into the work piece
Heavy-Duty Aluminum foot and upper guard for enhanced durability on the toughest jobsites
50 degree bevel gives you a wider range of applications
Spindle Lock allows for faster and easier blade change

Christmas Sales Bare-Tool Bosch CCS180B 18-Volt 6-1/2-Inch Litheon Circular Saw (Tool Only, No Battery) Overview

Includes 18V Cordless Lithium-Ion 6-1/2" Circular Saw (Tool Only) - CCS180B

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Limited Offer Today!! Bare-Tool Bosch CCS180B 18-Volt 6-1/2-Inch Litheon Circular Saw (Tool Only, No Battery) Christmas and Cyber Monday 2011 Deals

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Elementary Theory of Income Determination - Cash Flow of Income

The total income of a country is a reflection of real capital investment in that particular country. The volume of investment is determined mainly by certain factors. These factors include expectation of entrepreneurs, rate of interest, savings, marginal efficiency of capital, and consumption.

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Cash flow of income

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The circular flow of income refers to the flow of payments and receipts for factor services and for currently produced output passing between domestic firms and households. In other words, it describes the flow of payments from businesses to households in exchange for labor and other productive services and the return flow of payments from households to businesses in exchange for goods and services.

Some basic factors affecting circular flow are:

1. Savings: This constitute part of income which is not consumed immediately. They have the tendency to reduce the expenditure of the households and firms.
2. Injection: Injection of fund into the circle is an increase in the incomes of households and firms beside their normal processes of selling productive resources and manufactured goods.
3. Taxes: Taxes tend to reduce the volume of fund in circulation as it reduces the expenditure of firms and households.
4. Withdrawal: Withdrawal tends to reduce the amount of fund in circular flow of income.
5. Aids and grants: Aids and grants from government or other sources increase the volume of fund in the circular flow if income.
6. Import and export: While imports involve expenditure on foreign made goods and services leading to withdrawals from circular flow of income, exports provide funds leading to injection into the circular flow of income.
7. Investment: Investment creates an additional income leading to injection into the circular flow of income.

For a more comprehensive explanation, we can use a two-sector economy, which involves households and firms. The households supply factors of production (input) to firms which need them for production purposes. In return, they are paid wages, interest, rents and profits, which constitute their incomes. The members of the households use their incomes to purchase goods and services produced by the firms. This pattern of consumption expenditure made by households constitutes income for firms. This process leads to the formation of an income flow. The firms again use the income to purchase the productive services of households. Income, therefore, continues to flow in a circular manner to form the circular flow of income. While income flows in one direction, goods and services produced by the firm and the productive services of households flow in the other direction.

Elementary Theory of Income Determination - Cash Flow of Income

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Christmas Sales Makita BSS610 18-Volt LXT Lithium-Ion Cordless 6-1/2-Inch Circular Saw Kit 201

Dec 15, 2011 04:24:40

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>> Click here to update Christmas prices for Makita BSS610 18-Volt LXT Lithium-Ion Cordless 6-1/2-Inch Circular Saw Kit <<

Christmas Sales Makita BSS610 18-Volt LXT Lithium-Ion Cordless 6-1/2-Inch Circular Saw Kit Feature

Makita-built motor delivers 3,700 RPM for faster cutting and ripping through wood
Compact, ergonomic design at only 7.1 lbs. for reduced operator fatigue
Designed with convenient features such as a built-in L.E.D. light to illuminate the work area, and a built-in dust blower
Makita LXT Lithium-Ion battery and Energy Star rated 30-Minute Rapid Optimum Charger produces 430% total lifetime work with 2.5X more cycles
3-year warranty on tool; 1-year warranty on batteries and charger.

Christmas Sales Makita BSS610 18-Volt LXT Lithium-Ion Cordless 6-1/2-Inch Circular Saw Kit Overview

LXT Lithium-Ion battery and optimum charging system produces 280% total lifetime work with 2x more cycles. Compact design at only 13 5/8in. length and weighs only 7.1 lbs. for less operator fatigue. Cordless: Yes, Blade Diameter (in.): 6 1/2, Volts: 18, Speed - No Load (RPM): 3,700, Bevel Capacity (deg): 50, Blade Location: Left, Arbor Size (in.): 5/8, Blade Included: Yes, Wrench Included: Yes, Battery Included: Yes, (2) 18V LXT Lithium-Ion batteries, Charger Included: Yes, 45-minute charger, Case Included: Yes

Christmas Sales Makita BSS610 18-Volt LXT Lithium-Ion Cordless 6-1/2-Inch Circular Saw Kit Specifications

The Makita 18V LXT Lithium-Ion Cordless 6-1/2-Inch Circular Saw delivers cordless cutting power to the jobsite. The BSS610 has a high-torque Makita-built motor and a compact design for a range of cutting applications, and will cut 2x material at 45 degrees.

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BSS610 Features

PERFORMANCE - LXT Li-Ion batteries charge in 30 minutes, run longer and deliver 2.5X more cycles

SPEED - 3,700 RPM for faster cutting and ripping

CONTROL - Built-in dust blower and L.E.D. light for accurate cuts

COMFORT - Only 7.1 lbs. with ergonomic grip

INCLUDES - (2) 18V LXT Lithium-Ion batteries, rapid charger, 6-1/2" blade, rip fence and case

Tool Specifications

Blade diameter	6-1/2"
Arbor	5/8"
Max. cutting depth	90° (2-1/4"), 45° (1-9/16")
No load speed	3,700 RPM
Battery	18V LXT Lithium-Ion
Overall length	13-5/8"
Net weight	7.1 lbs. (w/battery)

Makita-Built Motor Engineered for Versatile Power
The BSS610 features a Makita-built high torque motor that produces 3,700 RPM for faster cutting. The saw has a 50 degree maximum bevel cutting capacity and is engineered with a heavy gauge, precision machined base for smooth, accurate cutting and added durability.

Ergonomic Design in a Compact Size
The BSS610 weighs just 7.1 pounds with a more compact design at 13-5/8 inches long and an ergonomic shape that fits like a glove for reduced operator fatigue. The BSS610 is also equipped with two built-in L.E.D. lights that illuminate the work area for more efficient work, as well as a built-in dust blower to keep the line of cut free of debris.

Versatile Design for a Range of Applications
The BSS610 is engineered for a range of cutting tasks, and is perfect for roofing, carpentry, remodeling, woodworking, and for any pro contractor who requires a best-in-class engineered cordless circular saw. The BSS610 is just another example of Makita's commitment to innovative technology and best in class engineering.

About Makita's 18V LXT Lithium-Ion Cordless Tool Series
As one of the pioneers driving the cordless tool revolution, Makita changed the game with its breakthrough 18V LXT Lithium-Ion Cordless Series. Three years after its debut, Makita's LXT Series has grown from seven to over 35 tools, providing a wide range of cordless solutions for professional tradesmen. Makita also added 18V Compact Lithium-Ion for cordless power in a more compact size.

About Makita
Makita is a worldwide manufacturer of industrial quality power tools, and offers a wide range of industrial accessories. Makita applies leading-edge innovation to produce tools that are stronger, lighter, more powerful and easier to use. Makita USA, Inc. is located in La Mirada, California, and operates an extensive distribution network located throughout the U.S. For more information, please call 800/4-MAKITA (800/462-5482) or visit the website at makitatools.com. Makita is Best in Class Engineering.

Warranty
Every Makita Lithium-Ion tool is backed by Makita's 3-Year Warranty that covers repair due to defects in materials or workmanship up to three years from the date of original purchase. Makita Lithium-Ion batteries and chargers have a limited 1-year warranty. Please see makitatools.com for complete details.

What's in the Box
Makita BSS610 18V LXT Lithium-Ion Cordless 6-1/2-Inch Circular Saw, two 18V LXT Lithium-Ion batteries, 30-Minute Rapid Optimum Charger, 6-1/2-inch Carbide-tipped blade, Rip fence and tool case.

Other Makita Lithium-Ion Series